Leadership As A Position Of Power - 1545 Words

Leadership may be defined as a position of power held by an individual in a group, which provides him with an opportunity to exercise interpersonal influence on a group of members for the direction of their efforts toward a common goal. Leadership is also a position of power held by a group or individual (Chand, n.d.). There are several styles of leadership that must be reflected upon before an organizational manager can develop their own style. Models of leadership have been developed to assist prospective and current leaders to develop skill sets to lead groups of people through various decision-making situations. Task-oriented leadership reflects behaviors focused on promoting efficient and effective task accomplishment (Walter,†¦show more content†¦The Blind Side, is an example of leadership based on the trait model and behavioral approach. During the movie clip, Coach Cotton is having issues with one of the players during football practice. Michael is having a hard time as an offensive lineman. He was a homeless and traumatized boy that Leigh Anne Tuohy picked up off the street and moved in with her family. Coach Cotton is using The Behavioral Approach of leadership. He is using examples of the task-oriented leader concerned with focusing his behavior on the organizational structure, operating procedures, and keeping control of his team. Task-oriented leaders are still concerned with their staff motivat ion; however, it s not his main concern when first developing a team (Behavioral Theories, 2010). Michael is having a hard time blocking the defensive player and the coach s task-oriented behavior approach continuously is not effective in this case. Leigh Anne notices how Michael is missing the mark and interrupts the football practice by pulling Michael aside and explaining the concept of his offensive lineman position and his responsibility of that position. She displays a high level of effort, confidence, honesty, and creativity aligned with the trait model of leadership. She uses her family as an example in relation to Michael s responsibility to the team. Her natural instinct to understand the basic concept of the problem and to break it down in order for his understanding resulted during

Why you should follow nutrition Free Essays

Introduction Of the many things one can do to enhance one’s state of health, none is more important than maintaining proper nutrition. The mind and body cannot function optimally without the proper supply of nutrients and energy obtained from food. A key tenet of the holistic approach to health is that each person must take responsibility for his or her own health. We will write a custom essay sample on Why you should follow nutrition or any similar topic only for you Order Now Making intelligent decisions about nutrition—about what and how much to eat—is an important part of this responsibility, because the diet one chooses and follows can keep one healthy. In the words of Philip Lee (1977) professor of social medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine: As a nation we have come to believe that our medicine and medical technology can solve all our major health problems†¦ But the problems can never be solved merely by more and more medical care. The health of individuals and the health of the population is determined by a variety of biological (host), behavioral, sociocultural, environmental factors. None of these is more important than the food we eat (Burkitt et al. 1974). Good nutrition: Striking the Right Balance What is the best argument for following a good nutrition in one’s life instead of eating all the junk food one can consume. Every person’s body has a unique chemical and physical composition that corresponds to a state of optimal wellness, because the human body is constructed of atoms and molecules that are arranged in particular combinations and proportions that are unique to each person. One’s body contains few of the same atoms and molecules it had even a few weeks ago, because its chemical constituents are continually replaced by different atoms and molecules acquired from the food one eats. There are about forty known essential nutrients and perhaps others are not yet identified, that must be continually resupplied to the body (Ricciuto). Failure to obtain enough of one or more of the essential nutrients can result in a nutritional deficiency disease, such as goiter (enlarged thyroid gland), which may be caused by too little iodine, beri-beri, a disease characterized by weakness and wasting away that is caused by too little thiamine (vitamin B1), anemia (too few red blood cells) from insufficient iron; and blindness from vitamin A deficiency, the most common cause of blindness in children, world-wide. Since all nutrients act in concert, a deficiency of one may impair the utilization of others even if the others are acquired in adequate amounts. Thus, a proper nutritional state is a matter of maintaining a complex balance of the essential nutrients. One can argue that one eats a little of everything in the proper amounts just to keep fit. But still it does not work that way. This is because poor health can result in eating too much of certain kinds of food, or from eating too much in general. For example, overeating is the principal cause of obesity, which contributes to the development of such serious diseases as high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes and some forms of cancer. Cancer of the colon may be related to eating too much meat and processed foods and not getting enough fiber or roughage that may be essential to maintain a healthy colon. High salt intake is related to high blood pressure and high sugar intake is related to tooth decay (the most prevalent disease in the industrialized world). Much of the tooth decay could be prevented if people followed very simple nutrition rules (Breslow Enstrom 1980). Physiological Benefits of Body Work Our industrial society depends on an enormous variety of machines that free people from an equally enormous number of physical tasks. Some of these tasks, such as heavy construction work of large-scale farming, would be well-nigh impossible without the help of machines. Others, such as traveling to work or school, getting to the seventh floor of a building, or washing clothes, could be accomplished without the aid of machines (and some people argue they ought to be), but few of us are likely to give up the use of cars, elevators, and washers. They simply make the task of daily living easier. As a result, few people do much moving around under their own muscular power. That is, many of us get little exercise. According to William B. Kannel and Paul Sorlie (1979) who have studied the effects of lifestyle on the occurrence of heart disease:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Over the past quarter of a century, there has evolved a growing suspicion that the transformation of man by modern technology from a physically active agrarian creature to a sedentary industrial one has exacted a toll in ill health. The evidence on which this is based comes from epidemiological studies, clinical observations, and the work physiologist. Most of the attention has been focused on the possible contribution of physical indolence to the development of cardiovascular disease, the chief health hazard of affluent societies and their leading cause of death.† In addition to the physiological benefits, regular physical activity has psychological and spiritual benefits as well. Fr example, a study of middle-aged university professors found that regular exercise made them more self-sufficient, more persevering, less likely to experience mood swings, and more imaginative (Ismail and Trachtman, 1973). In another study, both men and women university students who engaged in regular physical activity were found to have greater self-control, to have increased self-awareness, and to be more self-directed. They also demonstrated a positive self-image (Jeffers, 1977). One of the principal psychological benefits that can come from regular body work is experiencing periods of relaxed concentration, characterized by reduction in physical and psychic tensions, regular breathing rhythms, and increased self-awareness. This experience is often compared to meditation. Tennis instructor Tim Gallwey (1976) describes four stages for obtaining a state of relaxed concentration through body work. The first stage, â€Å"paying attention,† occurs at the beginning of a body work session and involves riveting your concentration on your body work and excluding all other thoughts. The stage of paying attention requires a certain degree of self-discipline—the desire and ability to say â€Å"no† to other demands on your time and energies and to say â€Å"yes† to yourself. WORKS CITED Burkitt, D. P. Walker, R.P. and Painter , N.S.   â€Å"Dietary Fiber and Disease.† Journal of the American   Medical Association, 229 (1974), 1068-1074. Breslow, L. and Enstrom, J.E. â€Å"Persistence of Health Habits and Their Relationship to Mortality.† Preventive Medicine, 9 (1980). 469-483. Ismail, A.H. and Trachtman, I.E. â€Å"Jogging the Imagination.† Psychology Today. 6 (1973), 78-82 Jeffers, J. M. â€Å"The Effects of Physical Conditions on Locus of Control, Body Image and Interpersonal Relationship Orientations. University Males and Females. Dissertation Abstracts, 37 (1977) 3289. Kannel, W.B. and Sorlie, P. â€Å"Some Health Benefits of Physical Activity.† Archives of Internal Medicine, 139 (1979) 857-861. Ricciuto, Anthony. What Power Nutrition can do for you. Retrieved April 19, 2007 at: http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/anthony26.htm How to cite Why you should follow nutrition, Essay examples

Process of Obtaining Building Permit †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Process of Obtaining Building Permit. Answer: Introduction: This essay discusses the process in the owner of the proposed vacant lot can obtain a Building Permit in WA by focusing on the required outcomes and inputs, the stakeholders, application steps, and documentation. The Building Permits deals with the actual fire safety, structural, and other technical issues relating to the safety and health of the individuals in and around the building. The Building Permit is mandatory before any work of construction can be undertaken and can be acquired from a permit authority for the region in which the construction will take place. This section illustrates all the documentation that is required by the owner of the project when seeking a Building Permit in West Australia. Some of the documentation that the owner of the owner should have include support information, technical certificates, structural details, specifications, and plans(Board 2014). The following are the documentation that should be submitted to the Permit Authority: Plan: This document shows the details of the building which is to be constructed. Some of the details that may be present in a plan include structural details, support information, and specification of the building. Certificate of Design Compliance: The applicant of building permit must have a certificate of design compliance. This document must be signed by a building surveyor that is registered and proves that the construction will comply with every standard of a building that applies to it. This document can be given by either the building surveying contractor that is registered in case the building surveyor is employed by the contractor or a local government in case the building surveyor that is registered is employed by the local government(Dept, Official Year Book of Western Australia 2011). National Construction Code: The Building Code of Australia is made up of Volumes Two and One of the Plumbing Code of Australia and Building Code of Australia. This document addresses amenity, health, fire safety, and structural issues in the building. Some of the features of the Building Code of Australia include provides a clear endpoint to a process of construction, takes risks, retains the options of the owner to use the current certifications of the Local Government, introduces streamlined and separate processes for commercial and domestic buildings approval, enables private registered building surveyors to certify compliance of design, nominates Permit Authorities, and covers all constructions(Australia 2013). The steps of application for Building Permit depend on whether the specific state accepts the Design Compliance Certificate to be issued through private building surveyors that are registered, there are two ways of making application for Building Permit in case the particular state does not accept private certificates then only the second method will apply(Glass 2014). In this method of application, the documents are surrender to the Permit Authority together with Design Compliance Certificate from the Building Surveyor that is registered. This certificate certifies to the Permit Authority that the specifications and plans of the building conform to the Australian Building Code and other laws that are related to it. The Permit Authority does not have to conform that the plans comply with the Code since the submission comes with the Certificate of Design Compliance. The Permit Authority will then have a given duration to issue the Permit which can be ten days(Kerr 2015). This types of application of Compliance is the same as the Building Licence application under the previous legislation before private certification where specifications and plans are submitted to the Local Government that will review the documents and then make the decision in case they attain the Building Code requirements as well as other laws. When the application of Permit is done using this method without Design and Compliance Certificate, the Permit Authority may provide a documentation review and issue the Certificate of Design. There will be need to make a decision between Permit Authority and owner on the fee to be issued(McGrath 2011). The major stakeholder in the application of Building Permit is the Permit Authority who is responsible for providing all permits, remaining with records, and have the responsibility of ensuring that constructions in its locality comply with the minimum standard required. The three forms of permit authorities include State by Ministerial approval, Special Permit Authority by Ministerial approval, and Local Government(Regions 2012). The local Government plays an important role in ensuring that the building developments and building industry are regulated. After the landowner have made a design of the building and ensured that it complies with the Building Code of Australia, the approved design will then be submitted to the Local Government which is the Permit Authority. The Local Government will then be required to provide the Building Permit within a given duration. The work of Local Government in Building Control include issue Occupancy Permit, undertake building inspection under construction, and issuing Building Permits for Uncertified and certified specifications and plans. Other roles of the Local Government varies according to a particular state, but normally include planning and development approval, building services such as licensing, community services such as welfare services, health services such as water inspection, provision of recreational facilities such as parks, and infrastructure and property services such as waste management and collection(Glass 2014). A building surveyor is a private certifier that is engaged in privately issuing certificates required, inspection of building work and assessing documentation. A municipal Building Surveyor carries out duties as a Permit Authority and delivers similar services as the independent certifier on behalf of permit authority and also may have an implementation role. Under the existing Act, an accredited building surveyor are supposed to be registered in either of the three classes of building surveying practitioner. These classes include Building and surveying practitioner technician, Building surveying practitioner level 2, and Building surveying practitioner level1(Statistics. 2014). There is the need for the owner to have all the required documentation before submitting them to the Permit Authority. These documentations include support information, technical certificates, structural details, specifications, and plans. A good construction manager should effectively communicate with regulators to attain satisfactory and timely results. The owner should also understand all the Building Acts and Building Regulations so as to ensure that the design is of the acceptable standard before submitting it to the Registered Building Surveyor. It is also important for the owner to know the structure, roles and responsibilities of the Local Government in the area(C. B. Statistics 2014). After the Permit Authority has received the Certificate of Design Compliance which proves that the specifications and plans of the building conform to the Building Code of Australia and other laws that are applicable, the Permit Authority will then have a duration of approximately days to issue the Building Permit. After the client has obtained the Building Permit, he will have to seek Planning Consent from the Local Authority before he could begin the construction works. Planning Consent and Building Permit are two approvals which deal with different issues and are administered by different sections of Local Government(Regions 2012). Conclusion A Building Permit is mandatory before any construction activities can be undertaken and can be acquired from the Permit Authority for the region in which the construction will take place. The documentation that is required by the Local Government (Permit Authority) when seeking Building Permit include support information, technical certificates like Certificate of Design Compliance, structural details, specifications, and plans. References Australia, Department of Western. 2013. Statistical Register of Western Australia. Peth: Government Statistician's Office. Board, Australian Building Codes. 2014. Building Code of Australia. City of Fremantle: SAIGlobal. Dept, Western Australia. Registry. 2011. Official Year Book of Western Australia. Albany: The University of California. Glass, J. 2014. A Survey of Building Materials Used in House Construction in Western Australia. Perth: Forests Department of Western Australia. Kerr, Alex. 2015. The south-west region of Western Australia. Mandurah: University of Western Australia Press. McGrath, F. 2011. The Building Surveyor. Perth: Trust Publication. Regions, Department of Local Government and. 2012. Local Government Maps. Northern Territory: https://www.localgovernment.nt.gov.au/home/shire_boundaries. Statistics, Australian Bureau of. 2011. Population and Growth. Canberra: Regional Statistics. Statistics, Commonwealth Bureau of Census and. 2014. Statistics of Western Australia: Building and housing. Bunbury: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Western Australian Office, Statistics., Commonwealth Bureau of Census and. 2014. Statistical Register of Western Australia. Broome: W.A. Watson, Government Printer.

The Family, Sex Marriage In England by Lawrence Stone Condition of Working Class in England by Engels free essay sample

Compares works on causes meaning of radical changes in home male-female relations in England, 1500-1800. Lawrence Stone, in The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, argues that the causes of radical changes in the home and in relations between men and women in England during those three centuries were manifold. Stone also argues that while some of the transformations were negative, most were positive and were precursors of elements which exist in free societies today. These conclusions on the part of Stone stand in stark contrast to the ideas of Friedrich Engels. In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Engels argues that the changes were almost wholly negative, and that the cause was singularthe dehumanizing, exploitative and alienating impact of capitalism in its early stages. In terms of accuracy, Stones thesis is more convincing than Engels, for the wide variety and dramatic nature of the changes

Hundred Years of Solitude essays

Hundred Years of Solitude essays I was able to see through the eyes of six generations of the Buendia Family and know their success, hardships, and on being alone. I realized that success isnt everything. There is still a part of you that seems different from others that makes you feel you dont have a sense of belongingness in the society. There are traits and behaviors in the characters that makes you feel that these characters do exist in the real world. Let us take one major character as a good example. Ursula Iguaran, the matriarch of the clan, is for me the greatest character in the novel. She is the one character who lived the longest and the witness of the development of Macondo from a small village into a bustling community. She is the one who brought the connection between Macondo and civilization. Unlike most of her relatives, Ursula is untroubled by great spiritual anxiety; in this sense, she is probably the strongest person ever to live in Macondo. Ursulas task is not easy, since all of her descendants become embroiled in wars and scandals that would cause any weaker family to dissolve. With Ursula as their mainstay, however, the Buendà ­as are irrevocably linked, for better or for worse. To keep the family together, Ursula sometimes is quite harsh; for example, she kicks Jose Arcadio and Rebeca out of t he house when they elope. This decision is partly a result of her unyielding fear of incest. Even though Rebeca and Jose Arcadio are not technically related, Ursula is terrified that even a remotely incestuous action or relation will result in someone in the family having a baby with the tail of a pig Because of her fear of incest, Ursula is a contradictory character: she binds the family together, but is terrified that incest, the extreme of family bonding, will bring disaster to the Buendà ­a house. And we see this character in our very own mother. A loving woman who wishes that her family would not get separ ...

Dream Interpretation According to Psychology

Dream Interpretation According to Psychology The best approach to dream interpretation is a question that psychologists have a hard time agreeing on. Many, such as Sigmund Freud, adhere to the idea that dreams point to unconscious desires, while others, such as Calvin S. Hall, advocate for a cognitive approach in which dreams reflect different parts of our waking lives. Key Takeaways: Dream Interpretation Many approaches to dream interpretation have been proposed in psychology, including that dreams should be examined for symbols and that they reflect our perspectives on our lives.Psychologists differ on whether dreams serve a real purpose and what that purpose might be.Dream researcher G. William Domhoff observed that interpreting an individuals dreams provides â€Å"a very good psychological portrait of that individual.†Ã‚   What Are Dreams? Dreams are a series of images, emotions, thoughts, and sensations that occur when we sleep. They are involuntary and typically occur during the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of slumber. Although dreams can occur at other points in the sleep cycle, they’re most vivid and memorable during REM.  Not everyone remembers their dreams, but researchers believe that everyone has three to six 6 dreams in a night and that each dream lasts between 5 and 20 minutes. Even people who do remember their dreams are thought to forget about 95% of them when they wake up. Psychologists offer many reasons for dreaming. Some suggest its simply to clear away useless memories from the previous day and enter important ones into long-term storage. For example, if you have a dream about President Trump swimming with manatees it may be that your brain is in the process of removing a piece of news about the presidential administration and endangered species. On the other hand, many psychologists, especially those involved in therapy, have seen the value of dream analysis. Thus, while dreams may help sort the information in our brains, they may also help us consider information that we ignore when we’re awake. So, perhaps during the day, we focused on tasks that had nothing to do with the news about the presidential administration and endangered species, but then we worked through how we felt about the information during our dreams that night. Others have proposed that dreams are the brain’s way of preparing for possible future challenges. For example, dreams about our teeth falling out could reflect our anxiety about our body giving out on us. Dreams may also serve a problem-solving function as we continue to grapple with challenges, like a difficult work project that we tackled during the day, as we sleep. Psychologists like G. William Domhoff claimed that there is no psychological function for our dreams. Yet, Domhoff also said dreams have meaning because their content is unique to the individual and therefore analyzing an individual’s dreams can provide â€Å"a very good psychological portrait of that individual.†Ã‚   Sigmund Freud’s â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams† Freud’s perspective on dream interpretation, which he laid out in his seminal book The Interpretation of Dreams, continues to be popular today. Freud believed dreaming was a form of  wish fulfillment that reflected a dreamer’s unconscious desires. He also claimed that the manifest content of a dream, or the literal story or events of the dream, masks the latent content of the dream, or the symbolic or hidden meaning of the dream. For example, if an individual dreams they are flying, it may actually mean that the individual is yearning for freedom from a situation they see as oppressive. Freud called the process of transforming latent content into manifest content â€Å"dreamwork† and suggested it includes several processes: Condensation involves combining multiple ideas or images into one. For instance, a dream about an authority figure could represent one’s parents and one’s boss at the same time.Displacement involves changing the thing we’re really concerned about into something else. For example, if an individual is considering whether to go back to school or to accept a new job, they might dream about two large animals fighting, representing the dilemma they feel about the decision.Symbolization involves one object standing in for another. For example, the use of a gun or sword can be interpreted as having a sexual meaning.Secondary revision involves reorganizing the elements of a dream into a comprehensive whole. This takes place at the end of a dream and results in the dream’s manifest content. Freud also made some suggestions about universal symbols that could be found in dreams. According to Freud, only a few things are symbolized in dreams, including the human body, parents, children, siblings, birth, and death. Freud suggested that the individual was often symbolized by a house, while parents appear as royal figures or other highly respected individuals. Meanwhile, water often references birth, and going on a journey represents death. However, Freud did not put a great deal of weight on universal symbols. He said that symbolism in dreams is often personal and therefore dream interpretation requires an understanding of the dreamer’s individual circumstances. Carl Jung’s Approach to Dream Interpretation Jung was originally a follower of Freud. Even though he eventually broke with him and developed rival theories, Jung’s approach to dream interpretation has some things in common with Freud’s. Like Freud, Jung believed dreams contained latent meaning disguised by manifest content. However, Jung also believed dreams symbolized a person’s desire for balance in their personality, not wish fulfillment. Jung put more weight on a dream’s manifest content than Freud, as he felt that important symbols could be found there. In addition, Jung posited that dreams were expressions of the collective unconscious and could help one anticipate future issues in their life. As an example of his approach to dream interpretation, Jung related a young man’s dream. In the dream the young mans father was driving away erratically. He eventually hit a  wall and wrecked his car because he was drunk. The young man was surprised by the dream as his relationship with his father was positive and his father would never drive drunk in real life. Jung interpreted the dream to mean that the young man felt he was living in his father’s shadow. Thus, the purpose of the dream was to knock the father down while elevating the young man. Jung often used archetypes and universal myths to interpret dreams. As a result, Jungian therapy approaches dream analysis in three stages. First the personal context of the dreamer is considered. Second the dreamer’s cultural context is considered, including their age and environment. Finally, any archetypal content is evaluated in order to discover links between the dream and humanity as a whole. Calvin S. Hall’s Approach to Dream Interpretation Unlike Freud and Jung, Hall didn’t believe that dreams included latent content. Instead, he proposed a cognitive theory that claimed that dreams are simply thoughts that appear in the mind during sleep. As a result, dreams represent our personal lives through the following cognitive structures: Conceptions of the self or how we see ourselves. For example, an individual might dream that they become a powerful businessperson but then lose it all, suggesting the individual sees themselves as strong but is concerned they can’t maintain that strength.Conceptions of others or how the individual views the other important individuals in their life. For instance, if the individual sees their mother as nagging and demanding they will appear that way in the individual’s dreams.Conceptions of the world or how one views their environment. For example, if the individual finds the world cold and unfeeling, their dream may take place in a bleak, snowy tundra.Conceptions of impulses, prohibitions, and penalties or how the dreamer understands his repressed wishes. Hall suggested it’s our understanding of our desires, not the desires themselves, that impact our behavior. Thus, for example, dreams about hitting a wall or other obstacle in the pursuit of pleasure could shed light on the way an individual feels about their sexual impulses. Conceptions of problems and conflict or one’s conceptions of the challenges one faces in life. For instance if the individual sees their mother as nagging, their dream may reflect their dilemma in coping with what they perceive as their mother’s unreasonable demands. Hall came to his conclusions about dreams through an approach he developed with Robert Van De Castle in the 1960s. The approach uses quantitative content analysis to evaluate reports of dreams. The system of content analysis scales provides a scientific way to evaluate dreams. This stands in contrast to Freud and Jung’s approaches to dream interpretation, which lack scientific rigor. Other Psychological Approaches to Dream Interpretation There are several other approaches to dream interpretation that arise from different psychological perspectives. Some of these approaches are already reflected in the researchers mentioned above. Freud’s approach to dream interpretation is utilized by psychodynamic psychologists, while Hall’s approach is shared by cognitive psychologists. Other approaches include: Behavioral psychologists focus on how an individual’s behavior impacts their dreams and the behavior they exhibit within their dreams.Humanistic psychologists see dreams as reflections of the self and how the individual deals with their circumstances. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Dream Interpretation: What Do Dreams Mean.† Verywell Mind, 26 July 2019. https://www.verywellmind.com/dream-interpretation-what-do-dreams-mean-2795930Domhoff, G. William. Dreams Have Psychological Meaning and Cultural Uses, but No Known Adaptive Function. The DreamResearch.net Dream Library. https://dreams.ucsc.edu/Library/purpose.htmlHall, Calvin S. A Cognitive Theory of Dreams. The Journal of General Psychology, vol. 49, no. 2, 1953, pp. 273-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1953.9710091Hurd, Ryan. Calvin Hall and the Cognitive Theory of Dreaming. Dream Studies Portal. https://dreamstudies.org/2009/12/03/calvin-hall-cognitive-theory-of-dreaming/Jung, Carl. The Essential Jung: Selected Writings. Princeton University Press, 1983.Kluger, Jeffrey. What Your Dreams Actually Mean, According to Science. Time, 12 September, 2017. https://time.com/4921605/dreams-meaning/McAdams, Dan.  The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology. 5t h ed., Wiley, 2008. McAndrews, Frank T. The Freudian Symbolism in Your Dreams. Psychology Today, 1 January, 2018. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/out-the-ooze/201801/the-freudian-symbolism-in-your-dreamsMcLeod, Saul. â€Å"What Are the Most Interesting Ideas of Sigmund Freud.† Simply Psychology, 5 April, 2019. https://www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.htmlNichols, Hannah. Dreams: Why Do We Dream? Medical News Today, 28 June, 2018. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/284378.phpSmykowski, Joanna. The Psychology of Dreams: What Do They Mean? BetterHelp, 28 June, 2019. https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/psychologists/the-psychology-of-dreams-what-do-they-mean/Stevens, Anthony. Jung: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 1994.

Term paper on an aspect of American history from 1607 to 1865 or Essay

Term paper on an aspect of American history from 1607 to 1865 or history of a local community or family - Essay Example This is followed by the second phase 1763-1800 that actually handles the period of the American Revolution, focusing on the war of independence and how the new country obtained its independence through the war of independence (Sage, 27). This continues with the discussion of the life of the new nation after the independence, which focuses on the development of the American constitution. This is followed by the third phase that covers the economic, democratic and the reform advancement in America, covering also the War of 1812 (Smith, 33). This then proceeds to the last phase covering the period 1840-1865, which comprised the Texas fight for independence, the Mexican- American War and extends to the turmoil experienced by the nation in the 1850s, during the secession of the Southern States, and culminate with the American Civil War (Lee, 28). The period 1607-1763 covers the history of the formation of colonies and the form of governments that were establish to administer in these colo nies. Previously, the Native Americans lived in small groups which were surviving on Agriculture and hunting. There were different tribes that were living in America, with each of the different tribes and cultural groupings occupying a different territory (Sage, 44). It is the nature of the cultures of the Native Americans that welcomed the Europeans to come and stay in the region. Nevertheless, the arrival of the European colonists upset the balance of power that was existing before then, transferring the powers from the Natives to the colonists (Weinstein and Frank, 58). The colonists established their form of administrative governments in form of formal government structures that were headed by the governors. The governor was the official the head of the government in the colonies, whose duties included ensuring the enforcement of laws and order, appointing officials for the government and overseeing the necessary legislations that would help run the colonies. The population grew rapidly through a high immigration of people, especially from the Great Britain to the America, where there was more freedom and opportunities for the colonists (Lee, 14). The economic and social factors also had improved resulting to a high birth and survival rate of the children. All these factors served to increase the population of the Americas, while affecting the Native Americans negatively because their lands were taken over by the colonists, and thus they were forced to relinquish most of their land to the colonists. Taxes were introduced and many other restrictive laws that saw the Native Americans become consistently discontented with the presence of the colonists. This discontent was the beginning of the second face running for the period 1763-1800 (Sage, 52). Through the discontent that was experienced by the Native Americans and also stringent laws and measures that the British governments introduced to the colonies led to the great desire for change among the Native A mericans, and some of the colonists. The colonists had been administered in such a way that most of them had emerged as independent nations of some sort, with others being fully royal to the Great Britain’

Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Business Environment - Essay Example This essay stresses that the fundamental aim of the UK administration is to attain high and steady stages of enlargement and service and the case for amalgamation financial and fiscal Union. It is termed as EMU, will be criticized against this criterion .It has been acknowledged on all areas that there is a legitimate in addition to the financial measurement to the discussion on the subject of a probable UK decision to link the third phase of Economic and Monetary Union and consequently accept Euro as the code money used in the United Kingdom. And also, the sectors in which foreign investments are concentrated are finance and insurance, restaurants and hotels, and manufacturing units. As employment opportunity of the people is more, investment made by them wills also increase. This paper makes a conclusion that fashion fabrics manufacturing unit in UK one of most important aspect about global business as compared to local business is the degree of risk and responsibility that it entails. Although the UK textiles industrialized segment has contracted more than the years. Global business is always a high risk venture since ownership are not able to exercise due controls that could be possible in the domestic business. The business environment deals with the whole business processes and the surroundings of the company which forms them straightly and indirectly. Also, there is a strong interrelationship between the organization and business. Appropriate strategic plan must be made on the basis of the current trends in the market to cope up with the environmental change.

American fast food restaurant Essay Example for Free

American fast food restaurant Essay Subway is an American fast food restaurant franchise that primarily sells submarine sandwiches (subs) and salads. It is owned and operated by Doctors Associates, Inc. Subway is one of the fastest growing franchises in the world with 40,229 restaurants in 102 countries and territories as of 11 September 2013.[1] It is the largest single-brand restaurant chain and the largest restaurant operator globally.[3][4][5] Subways main operations office is in Milford, Connecticut; five regional centers support Subways growing international operations. The regional offices for European franchises are located in Amsterdam, Netherlands; the Australia and New Zealand locations are supported from Brisbane, Australia; the Asian locations are supported from offices located in Beirut, Lebanon, and Singapore; and the Latin America support center is in Miami, Florida. [6] Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Early history 2 Products 2.1 Regional variations 2.2 Nutritional content 3 Advertising 3.1 $5 footlongs 3.2 Sub Club 4 Controversies 4.1 Sandwich size 4.2 Franchise relations 4.3 UK VAT treatment 4.4 Caseys trademark case against Subway 5 References 6 External links History Early history Subways original logo used from 1965 to 2002. In 1965, Fred DeLuca borrowed $1,000 from friend Peter Buck to start Petes Super Submarines in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and in the following year they formed Doctors Associates Inc to oversee operations of the restaurants as the franchise expanded.[7] The holding company derives its name from Fred DeLucas goal to earn enough from the business to pay tuition for medical school, as well as Peter Bucks having a doctorate in physics.[8] Doctors Associates is not affiliated with, nor endorsed by, any medical organization.[9] In 1968, the sandwich shop began using the name Subway for the first time.[7] Subway restaurant, Pittsfield Township, Michigan The first Subway on the West Coast was opened in Fresno, California in 1978. [10] The first Subway outside of North America opened in Bahrain, in December 1984.[11]In 2004, Subway began opening stores in Walmart supercenters, and surpassed the number of McDonalds locations inside US Walmart stores in 2007.[12]

DID Trojan War Exist :: essays research papers

Many have speculated about the Trojan War. It’s been written about in books like the Iliad and The Odyssey. A person could read in a book about this massive war between King Priam and Agamemnon, but did this massive war ever really happen? We have all heard of the mighty wooden horse in which the Greek forces broke into the mighty walls of Troy. The Trojan War did occur and can proven by skeletons, artifacts, and other findings from excavation sites. Historians speculate that the Trojan War could have been fought anywhere along the seaboard of the Mediterranean Sea. The City of Troy’s destination has been a mystery for hundreds of years until lately. Scientist now say that the mythological city of Troy existed on what is now called Turva. According to Homer’s Iliad and the Odyssey, scientist dug at a location written about by Homer in his tales of The Iliad and The Odyssey. Excavating the site where the Trojan War was fought, has brought lots of evidence to the prove that there was in fact a Trojan War. The research team at Turva found an early settlement, that appears to be a gravesite that dates back to Trojan times. Calculations of this area were measured at around twenty hectares. At this site, scientists found a ditch that was used as a defensive barrier. This ditch was two meters deep and was easy for men surpass this obstacle. But horses weren’t able to get over this wall, and horses were considered a somewhat extraordinary tool in battle. Horses were very unlikely in Troy’s climate area and so they were a great commodity. Scientist that excavated this site believe that they have found the remains of human bones and skeletons of men who might have died in the Trojan War. These scientist found millions of bones since 1988 in the area where Homer says the Trojan War was fought. Like the skeleton bones found, many other artifacts were found. Ancient pottery has been found at the excavation site. This pottery was traced back to the times when many believe the Trojan War occurred. This shows that there was a city of Troy and it wasn’t just a battlefield.

Extended commentary of ‘The Pine Planters’ by Thomas Hardy Essay

On the Title: A simple reference to the characters described in the first part of the poem. Overall, though, it refers to an earlier work by Hardy, named ‘The Woodlanders’. Marty South – note the lack of explicit gender reference in the name – is a character from ‘The Woodlanders’ whose thoughts are expressed in an odd, stream-of-consciousness-esque reverie. Hardy is interested in the melancholy of both human relationships and within nature; the lack of meaning he can find in natural suffering. Overall Structure: Hardy splits the poem into two parts, with two very different structural styles: 1. Part I takes a ballad form; 8 English quatrains with a mostly ABCB rhyme scheme, but with the occasional use of an alternate scheme when emphasis is required. Hardy uses very simple language throughout this stanza – the images presented are equally so. 2. Part II contains three stanzas of 12 lines, with an alternate rhyme scheme. Consequently, the poem loses its sense of ballad and, as the lines increase in length, becomes more abstract and ‘deep’. This allows for an increased intensity, both in the content and exploration of the images produced. It allows for no more emotive punctuation either! Despite being linked in content, the two parts have very different structural nuances. Difficult Language Notes: â€Å"Halt and hoary† is an archaic phrase for ‘old and grey’. Themes: Nature’s lament, Man and Nature, Relationships Notes on Part I The poem must be discussed separately, in terms of its parts, before comparing the two. However, Hardy writes in such short stanzas that analysing each one would be pointless, yet the meaning behind Hardy’s ‘Part I’ is described very gradually. Therefore, a summary: Hardy writes, in the first person, of a couple who work in forestry. It is assumed that the persona is female (or otherwise homosexual, which would present an interesting perspective) and is called ‘Marty South’ – in this case, the ambiguous name is quite certainly female. South is a character originating, as mentioned before, from Hardy’s earlier work ‘The Woodlanders’. South is engaged in a relationship with a partner upon whom she dotes, but is slighted due to the male’s ‘wandering eye’. South ‘writes’ to explain his apparent indifference towards her. However, Hardy uses this idea of suffering (in relationships) and applies it, in Part II, to the trees that the pair plant. In Detail: Relative movement of the two characters is of great importance to Hardy – or rather, the fact that the persona doesn’t move and therefore suffers the cold of the ‘blast and breeze’. This is made clear, along with the setting for her predicament, in the first stanza; â€Å"He fills the earth in/ I hold the trees†. The woman has no mobility. This is made clearer in the second stanza; â€Å"what I do/ Keeps me from moving/ And chills me through.† More importantly, though, â€Å"he does not notice†. This simple observation of a married man not noticing his wife’s routine suffering (suffering, as it is later revealed, which is endured only to be near him.) is shocking to the reader. The wife is made initially into a tragic beast of burden – this lack of physical motion will eventually come to represent her inability to achieve any motion in life. Hardy deliberately utilises the understatement and plainness of speech to accentuate this fact. In the next stanza, he reveals why. â€Å"He has seen one fairer†. Again, utilising understatement, Hardy introduces (in a noticeably less ‘fixed’ reality) a third figure to the poem – the male’s true love interest. Hardy, by portraying such a betrayal from the victim’s eyes (as well as condemning the male to interest based upon attractiveness alone) again achieves a sense of sympathy from the reader. The male’s â€Å"eye†¦ skims me as though I were not by.† Apart from the obvious sense of being ignored, Hardy’s use of ‘skims’ is particularly effective in emphasizing the male’s partial glimpse of his partner. [Add. Note: The last line of each stanza is somewhat contracted, drawing attention to it. It is therefore noticeable that each ‘4th line’ features an emotive sentiment – all express revealing elements of the characters’ relationships. This is equally accentuated through the rhyme scheme, which draws both the 2nd and 4th lines together.] Hardy’s key emphasis next is that â€Å"since she passed here† the male has thought only of (the new) ‘her’ and the forest; â€Å"the woodland hold him alone.† Equally, the persona is busy with her thoughts – presumably in the form of this reverie! This stanza’s final line is particularly noticeable through its contraction. On a different note, there is an element of complaint in the persona’s tone; she â€Å"never win[s] any small word of praise!† This highlights a coming theme, in that the pair fail to talk to each other at all. They are both equally silent with their thoughts and he, as above, never offers praise – nor, it seems, any verbal or emotional contact. What makes the relationship tragic is that she makes no effort either: The final two stanzas of the first part require more focussed analysis, as they begin to move to action on the part of Marty – or rather (as it may be) to further inaction. â€Å"Shall I not sigh (1) to him That I work on Glad to be nigh to him (2) Though hope is gone (3)? Nay, though he never Knew (4) love like mine, I’ll bear it ever (5) And make no sign (6)!† Desperation, along with paradoxical pleasure, dominates Hardy’s final stanzas: ‘sighing’ has always been a poetic expression of desperation, enforced by the visible expression of hopelessness (3). One therefore questions Marty’s judgement; if she is aware that her relationship with her male partner has been afflicted to its present demise (an argument further supported by the use of the past tense at (4)) then why does she stay there? Why is she unable to move herself physically, emotionally or verbally from her fixed spot? She is like the tree which she plants; immovable but suffering because of it. Much as one can muse upon Hardy’s own Modernist views (see the previous poem for the question of Modernist principles upon human suffering) on the matter, the persona suggests a very simple answer – see (2). She still loves the male. This creates a scenario – an immovable object, enduring suffering, refuses to resign from desperation because Nature/emotion has dictated it must stay – which is passed on to Part II. [Note the irony of the persona: she says, through the medium of literary suspension, that she can make no sign. But we are reading it†¦ She’s making a sign, therefore†¦ So, perhaps Marty South’s Reverie is her paradoxical sign?]

Report on time management, SWOT analysis, learning styles and essay and report writing Essay

Report on Time management, SWOT analysis, learning styles and essay and report writing. As requested by Graham Pogson on October 25h 2013. The report is being written for the Borders business program module, professional development planning, to discuss and evaluate the above topics. 2. Findings 3.1 Time Management. Time management is working out how to use ones time, and how, at the same time, to use this time effectively. â€Å"Time management is about making the most of the time that is available, in order to achieve what we think and feel is important.† (Clarke, 1993) There are two different types of time management used within the workplace: rational managerial and too much time management. Rational managerial management of your time means that management of your time at work is completely within your control, whereas too much time management is when management of time becomes too overpowering, leading to a bureaucracy. Taking time management from a personal perspective, understand that we can become better at managing our own time when we take these four things into account: 1 Being aware of the choices we have available 2 Acknowledging the consequences of each choice 3 Taking responsibility and control of ourselves and our decisions 4 Learning from past experiences, and making changes when it comes to future decisions Being aware of the choices we have available means to know what options we have (for example: to study or to go to a bar) and between these choices, be able to choose which best would benefit you â€Å"Cut the crap and dedicate yourself to one thing and one thing only† (Templar, 2005) It is clear that in this situation one is expected to prioritize. â€Å"We wants it. We needs it. Must have the precious† (Jackson, 2002) â€Å"Gollum knew the value of prioritizing. He knew what he wanted – to the exclusion of everything else.† (Templar, 2005) When you begin to acknowledge that you are required to prioritize between these choices, it will become evident that each choice will come with a consequence. Knowing and understanding the consequences, or benefits, of choices can help you make the most of the time you have available. When weighing up the choices, it is advisable that you refer to past experiences to help aid in the decision making processes. â€Å"A career setback can be like a romance gone bad. If you don’t learn from your mistakes, you’re doomed to repeat them† (Richardson, 2009) It can be greatly beneficial to you to practise time management in your personal life using it to create a balance between work and life. There are some tools widely used for doing this, such as planners, diaries and timetables. You can use a timetable to plan out your activities (see appendix 3.1.1.) As you can see the author has carefully planned their week to include everything they think is important to be done within that time frame. You may benefit from completing two tables: the first with what you think you do, the second with what you really do (see appendix 3.1.2.) You will notice here that the author has some changes, some quite significant. It should be noted that, even when planning your time carefully, there will be huge differences in what you actually do with the time you have. These tables however are simple in layout, and can be easily compared to one another for future reference. 3.2 SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis is a form of situational analysis, which focuses on an organisations or persons: 1 Strengths 2 Weaknesses 3 Opportunities 4 Threats To begin a SWOT analysis it is typical that first of all the internal factors would be reviewed (strengths and weaknesses) and then focus would shift to the external factors (opportunities and threats.) See an example of SWOT analysis in figures 3.2.1 below; 3.2.1 It is clear that there are great advantages of doing a SWOT analysis on a situation, but there are also some very clear disadvantages. â€Å"Analysing the business environment is not a precise science and does not eliminate uncertainty for an organisation, caused, for instance, by unanticipated events which do not follow the normal pattern† (Britton & Worthington, 2003) It goes without saying that any good manager, or economist would not solely rely on the information in a SWOT analysis, and that he/she would be expected to rely upon their intuition. It goes without saying that there are alternatives to using a SWOT analysis, such as the PESTEL analysis, but any good manager would use these in conjunction with each other, rather than have a preference for one over the other. 3.3 Learning Styles The way in which someone prefers to learn or actually picks up information differs from person to person; the different ways in which this is done is termed a learning style. There are, according to advantology.com, seven learning styles; Visual (spatial):You prefer using pictures, images, and spatial understanding. Aural (auditory-musical): You prefer using sound and music. Verbal (linguistic): You prefer using words, both in speech and writing. Physical (kinesthetic): You prefer using your body, hands and sense of touch. Logical (mathematical): You prefer using logic, reasoning and systems. Social (interpersonal): You prefer to learn in groups or with other people. Solitary (intrapersonal): You prefer to work alone and use self-study. (Advantlogy.com, 2013) Taking time to understand your style of learning can help you to implement these into your everyday life. â€Å"A variety of teaching and learning approaches has the potential to enhance the learning and performance for a wider range of adult students† (Hawk & Shah, 2007) The way in which to determine your learning style is to take one (or more) of the readily available learning styles tests. â€Å"The VAK learning styles model suggests that most people can be divided into one of three preferred styles of learning† (Chapman & Chislett, 2005) See an example of the VAK questionnaire (Chapman & Chislett, 2005) in appendix 3.3.1. As you can see, the author has circled the answer which best suits them, they have then worked out which type of learner they are by adding up the number of a, b and c’s they have – the user is an Auditory learner. There are, of course, more than just the VAK questionnaire; there is the newer up to date VARK questionnaire. For an example of the VARK questionnaire (Fleming, 2001-2011)see appendix 3.3.3. As you can see, the author is now classed as being a multi-modal learner. There is also the Honey and Mumford learning styles questionnaire (Honey & Mumford, Honey and Mumford learning styles questionnaire, 2000). See an example of the Honey and Mumford test in appendix 3.3.2. As you can see, this questionnaire is much more detailed and therefore more time consuming! It consists of 80 questions, and as a result of matching the questions and ticks/crosses you can determine whether you are one of the following types of learner: 1 Activist

Essay junipero serra

Essay junipero serra Essay junipero serra In Junipero Serra’s biography by Steven Hackel, the author depicts the life of Father Serra who would be remembered in history as one of the most influential people of California. Father Serra, born in 1713 in the island of Mallorca would grow up to become California’s Founding Father. In this biography, the author uses primary sources to examine the life of the Franciscan priest, which allows the reader to learn who this man was and the impact he had in the colonization of California. Today, Father Serra can be seen as a controversial figure in history since some may view him as heroic and saintly man, while others may view him as a an evil man for his wrongdoings against the Native Indians of California. The author examines and analyzes Serra’s early life as it played an important role in the shaping of his character and beliefs as a priest. Growing up in a poor family in Petra, Mallorca, Miguel Joseph spent a lot of his childhood in the convento church of San Bernardino where he was educated and was also his place of worship. As stated by the author, â€Å"From an early age Miguel Joseph understood the Fransiscan life as one committed to building Catholic houses of worship and spreading the gospel† (22). Miguel Joseph’s religious upbringing would dictate the man he would become and the influence he would have in the creation of missions in California. Leaving his family behind, Miguel Joseph embarked on a journey where he would give his life to the institution of the Catholic Church to follow God’s will. As the author explains, Miguel Joseph went on to follow his dream of becoming a priest and before his profession to the order was completed he decided to change his name to Junipero Serra. Serra’s early life is very important to analyze as it influenced his religious beliefs and his decision to travel to California and spread the gospel of God. Serra’s early life as a preacher and professor would dicta te his decision to become a missionary at the age of 36, where he would embark in a journey to the new world. Serra spent his first years as a missionary in Mexico in several missions where he would fulfill God’s will in spreading the gospel. Francisco Palou, a missionary from Mallorca joined Serra in his journey to the new world and it is through his biography of Serra, Relacion Historica, published in 1787 that historians have been able to study and examine the life and work of Serra. After years of ministering and serving as a comisario of the inquisition in Mexico, Serra was given the opportunity he had been searching for and so he embarked on a mission program up north to California. There he would further extend Spain’s frontier and would begin to build the missions of California. Serra is depicted by the author as a man that was determined and committed in fulfilling his calling in converting the Indians to the holy Catholic faith. In a letter to Palou from Ser ra, he explains how California is â€Å"not only fertile soil and sources of freshwater but also an immense population of unbaptized Indians awaiting conversion† (161). Serra believed that California was a promised land and converting the Indians would be a simple task, â€Å"In their innocent state, the California Indians would be converted at the mere sight of the Franciscans† (162). However, as noted by the author, the Indians were unhappy with the Spanish Intruders and as a result, Serra’s efforts to spread the catholic faith was challenged

See the Best Architecture in Spain

See the Best Architecture in Spain Think of architecture in Spain and Antoni Gaudà ­ comes to mind. Gaudi may be the most famous Spanish architect dead or alive, but dont forget Santiago Calatrava, designer of the Transportation Hub in Lower Manhattan and his signature bridges in Seville and Dallas, Texas. And what about the Pritzker Laureate, Josà © Rafael Moneo? Oh, and then there was the Roman Empire in Spain. Architecture in Spain is an exotic mix of early Moorish influences, European trends, and surreal modernism. These selected sites link to resources that will help you plan your architecture tour through Spain. Visiting Barcelona This northeast coastal city, capital of the Catalonia region, has become synonymous with Antoni Gaudà ­. You cant miss his architecture, or the new modern buildings going up every year. La Sagrada Familia, the great unfinished cathedral begun by Gaudi in 1882, and La Sagrada Familia school, for the children of the construction workersCasa Vicens, Gaudis Gothic/Moorish house designed for a Spanish businessmanGuell Palace and Guell Park, Gaudi commissions from patron Eusebi Gà ¼ellColegio Teresiano, one of Antoni Gaudà ­s first commissionsCasa Calvet, a rather traditional design for GaudiGaudi-designed wall around Finca Miralles, as wavy and abstract as Frank Gehrys workCasa Batllà ³, a very colorful remodeling job by Gaudi, is located in Illa de la Discordia or the Block of Discord. This street displays the architecture of Catalan architects Josep Puig (1867-1956), Lluà ­s Domà ¨nech i Montaner (1850-1923), and Gaudi (1852-1926).Gaudis La Pedrera, one of the most famous apartment buildings in the worldMontjuic Communications Tower, design by Spanish-born Santiago Calatrava for the 1992 Summer OlympicsAgbar Tower, French architect Jean Nouvel transformed Gaudis c atenary curve Barcelona Cathedral, the citys Gothic cathedralThe Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Palau de la Mà ºsica Catalana, both UNESCO world heritage sites, are designs of the art nouveau architect Lluà ­s Domà ¨nech i MontanerHotel Porta Fira, a 2010 hotel designed by Pritzker Laureate Toyo ItoThe Forum Building (Edificio Fà ³rum) designed by Herzog and de Meuron Visiting the Bilbao Area Guggenheim Bilbao, the 1997 museum that made American architect Frank Gehry very famousMetro Station Entrance Enclosure, Fosterito, a 1995 high-tech train station by English architect Norman Foster If youre visiting Bilbao, take a side trip to Comillas, 90 miles west. Everything youve ever heard about Gaudi architecture may be found in the surreal summer home El Capricho. Visiting the Leà ³n Area The city of Leà ³n is roughly between Bilbao and Santiago de Compostela, in the vast Castilla y Leà ³n region of northern Spain. Casa Botines, one of only three projects Antoni Gaudà ­ built outside Catalonia, is a large, neo-Gothic apartment building.San Miguel de Escalada, a magical medieval monastary from the 9th century, a short drive from Leà ³n near the famous pilgrimage route, Way of St. James. If youre traveling from Leà ³n southeast to Madrid, stop by the Church of San Juan Bautista, Baà ±os de Cerrato near the city of Palencia. Well-reserved from 661 AD, the church is a fine example of what is called Visigothic architecture- an era when nomadic tribes dominated the Iberian peninsula. Closer to Madrid is Salamanca. The Old City of Salamanca is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Rich in historic architecture, UNESCO sites its importance in Romanesque, Gothic, Moorish, Renaissance, and Baroque monuments. If youre headed north from Leà ³n, the ancient capital city of Oviedo is home to many early Christian churches. These Pre-Romanesque Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias from the 9th century are UNESCO World Heritage sites, along with La Foncalada, a public water supply, an early example of civil engineering. Visiting Santiago de Compostela City of Culture of Galicia, an ongoing project headed by Peter EisenmanCathedral of Santiago de Compostela, a pilgrims destination at the end of the Way of St. James Visiting Valencia City of Arts and Sciences, a complex of educational buildings by Santiago Calatrava Visiting the Madrid Area The Monastery at El Escorial, in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, about 35 miles northwest of Madrid, is a UNESCO world heritage site for its historic association with royaltyCaixaForum, a Madrid museum by Swiss architects Herzog and de MeuronRoman aqueduct, 50 AD, in Segovia, northwest of Madrid Visiting the Seville Area Alcazar PalaceAlamillo Bridge Cà ³rdoba, about 90 miles northeast of Seville, is site to the Great Mosque of Cordoba in the Historic Centre of Cordoba, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Mosque/Cathedral is an architectural hybrid, claims UNESCO, that joins together many of the artistic values of East and West and includes elements hitherto unheard-of in Islamic religious architecture, including the use of double arches to support the roof. Visiting Granada Ornamentation at the Alhambra in Granada, Spain. Sean Gallup/Getty Images (cropped) Travel east of Seville a mere 150 miles to experience the Alhambra Palace, a tourists destination not to be missed. Our Cruise expert has been to Alhambra Palace and our Spain Travel expert has been to The Alhambra in Granada. In Spanish language, visit La Alhambra, Granada. It seems that everyone has been there! Visiting Zaragoza About 200 miles west of Barcelona, youll find a pedestrian bridge over the Ebro River designed in 2008 by Pritzker Laureate Zaha Hadid. This modern bridge stands in stark contrast with the historic architecture of this ancient city.

Llighting strikes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Llighting strikes - Assignment Example Lightning strikes do not burn the flesh since the contact with charge is too brief to cause such heating. Instead, lightning strikes affect the human body by electropolation – a process in which cells in the human body produce holes in their cell membranes. Consequently, human muscles and nerves are vastly disrupted by lightning strikes (Ritenour, Morton and McManus). In addition, lightning strikes tend to induce electrical surges within the human body particularly in the nervous system leading to cardiac arrest. Moreover, human hearing is directly affected by the thunder shock wave produced by lightning strikes (Ritenour, Morton and McManus). Lightning strikes produce diverse cardiac effects ranging from changes in the electrocardiograph (ECG) patterns to cardiac seizures. The victim of a lightning strike may be suffering from cardiac contusion, myocardial infarction, stroke, arrhythmia among other problems (McIntyre, Simpson and Redfearn). Lightning strikes tend to depolarise the myocardium leading to thoracic muscle spasm and respiratory failure as well as asystole (American Heart Association). In case of a lightning strike, the paramedic should take to resuscitation as soon as possible since most lightning strike patients develop respiratory problems. If back injuries are present, it is best to stabilise the victim’s head before proceeding to artificial resuscitation. In addition, it is possible that the victim will have altered levels of consciousness that may lead to ventilator impairment. Often the fundamental cause of ventilator impairment is a blocked pharynx due to a relaxed tongue. The paramedic must check for such blockages immediately after which resuscitation should be continued (Medscape). The first aid team on the scene must initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation at the earliest since most lightning strike victims die as a result of cardiopulmonary failures. When providing help to a

THE GLOBAL BRANDING OF STELLA ARTOIS Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE GLOBAL BRANDING OF STELLA ARTOIS - Case Study Example This number is very low compared to other industries, such as tobacco, liquor, and soft drink industries. Therefore, it would be appropriate for Interbrew to take advantage of this opportunity by developing a global brand and expanding into markets that are unexplored by acquiring brewers in both growing and mature markets. Stella Artois is certainly the best flagship brand for the company. Firstly, it is clear from the case that the brand is doing exceptionally well in the global market. For instance, the global volume of Stella Artois rose by 97 percent between 1992 and 1999, which was remarkable considering the level of competition (Beamish and Goerzen 108). Stella Artois also serves as the best global flagship brand since it has established good reputation in the European market and beyond. According to the case, Stella Artois is seen as the â€Å"European premium lager,† which clearly demonstrates how well the beer has been received in the European market. Therefore, as much as Stella Artois has suffered in one way or the other, it still serves as the right flagship brand for the company. Interbrew’s move to focus its strategies on cities as markets instead of countries has a number of advantages. Firstly, the strategy is beneficial to the company in the sense that it allowed Interbrew the opportunity to offer the right training to its staff. Secondly, the strategy was advantageous since it ensured that Interbrew received wide media coverage. Thirdly, the strategy ensured that Interbrew gained more return on marketing and promotion investment. Additionally, the strategy appeared advantageous to the company since it enabled the company to gain more control over marketing and distribution (Beamish and Goerzen 114). Other advantages associated with the strategy include enhancing brand awareness in the cities. However, the strategy was also associated with a number of disadvantages, including limiting the brand

Child and family health nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child and family health nursing - Research Paper Example Previous research on child and family health nursing focus on ways of enhancing health care without emphasizing on the importance of collaboration of all parties in the care. Therefore there is need for an investigation into ways in which the parties within child and family nursing care can collaborate as a way of improving the care on various childhood health issues. The aforementioned problem will be solved through a methodological research with a view of obtaining data and information from the parties involved in child and family health nursing. This data will be analyzed, discussed and presented in form of recommendations to all stakeholders. In order to solve the problem wholly, the proposed research will investigate into collaboration in promotion and maintenance of children’s health, healthy lifestyles among children and the various programs that are aimed enhancing the health of young people. In addition, the roles that are played by nurses, children and their family especially the mothers in promotion of child health will be investigated. The specific areas of care such as prevention of obesity and accidents among children will be focused by the investigation. The significance of programs for child and family health will be studied and their effectiveness improved. The analysis of research findings will lead to presentation of suf ficient data and information that would be applied for improved collaboration in child and family health nursing. In promotion of child and family health, there is need for healthy living. This can only be achieved if family members and their children are sufficiently informed on their role in promoting health. Through participation and communication as forms of collaboration, family members and children will be aware of the ways in which they would promote their health such as proper diets. Moreover the involvement of nurses in care will be

Strategies for Sustainable Rice Farming

Strategies for Sustainable Rice Farming LOW CARBON INITIATIVES: A RURAL APPRAISAL OF VARIOUS MITIGATIVE STRATEGIES USED BY RICE FARMERS AS A SCHEME FOR SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA SAVANNA. INTRODUCTION Most of the warming that has occurred since mid-20th century is due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, human activities including modern agriculture contribute to the production GHGs and on the overall, about 14% of GHG emissions comes from the agricultural sector (IPCC, 1996). Several naturally produced and human produced GHGs trap heat. CO2, CH4, and N2O are long-lived in the atmosphere and are the major contributors to positive increases in radiative forces (IPCC, 1996). Agricultural activities are significant producers of CH4 and N2O, of the three main gases that are influenced by land management and that are responsible for the potential greenhouse effect, CH4 has the 2nd greatest climate forcing potential of 27% CAST, (1992) arising from enteric fermentation of farm animals and rice cultivation. BACKGROUND In Nigeria, rice is one of the major cereals grown for food, the cultivable land to rice lies under five major ecologies namely: rain fed upland, rain fed lowland, irrigated rice, deep water and tidal mangrove swamp (Olayemi, 1997). Although Nigeria is the largest rice producer in West Africa and 85% of the total production comes from the north FAO (2012), rice production still seeks an increase in yield to meet the budding population and reduce importation. According to Bello (2004), Nigeria has the potential to produce enough rice for its needs and even export but this is not achieved now because the technology, management practices and the efficiency with which farmers use resources influence productivity. JUSTIFICATION Self-sufficiency in rice production is the goal of the Nigerian government, this has prompted the government to find ways of boosting local rice production (Bello, 2004). Rice paddies have been identified as major CH4 source induced by human activities and Nigerian paddies are not left out. This poses a challenge as researchers are faced daily with the challenges of how to mitigate or adapt to climate change, increase adoption of low carbon practices in all sectors and ways to implement their findings in local and global context of sustainable resource management. Consequently, estimating CH4 emissions from rice paddies and evaluating the low carbon practices used by farmers has become a pressing issue for assessing GHG impacts from agroecosystems and development of mitigation options at local scales for sustainable resource management. Objectives: Spatio-temporal mapping of lands cultivated to rice from 1983 to 2013 in the study area. To compare the CH4 emissions from upland and lowland rice fields. Assess the understanding of climate change and various low carbon practices among rice farmers for environmental protection. Understand the challenges associated with the adoption of low carbon options for rice cultivation. METHODOLOGY To achieve the stated objectives, the study will involve Geo-spatial analysis, field measurements and socioeconomic survey. The study area: The study will be carried out in the savannah belt of Nigeria, Bida zone in Niger state will be selected for the study because of its long history of rice cultivation and its proximity to National Cereal Research Institute, where technologies for cereal cultivation emanate and are disseminated. The zone consists of three Local Government Areas (Lavun, Bida and Gbako) and has a total land area of 6, 181 km2. Geo-spatial analysis Data: Cloud free-Ortho-rectified Landsat images of the area for the years 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2013 will be acquired from image vendors. Analysis: ArcGIS and IDIRSI geo-spatial tools will be used for the analysis of the Images. The images will be overlaid and an area of interest will be created from the overlay. Ground truthing will be done to aid supervised classification of the false and true composites of the area. The map of the dominant land use change of the area will be generated for each year. Accuracy assessment of the classification will be done, image differencing of the land cover maps will quantify the changes in land sizes cultivated to rice. Methane measurement: CH4 emission will be measured by using a portable methane gas meter (Gastech, Australia). Surface CH4 measurements from uplands and lowlands will be taken by inverting a 70mm diameter plastic funnel on the soil surface, the inlet tube of the CH4 meter will be connected to the funnel to read CH4 concentrations (Kartik and Nanjappa). Sampling procedure and Data collection A multistage sampling will be adopted for the study. First, two administrative wards will be randomly selected from each Local Government Area, for the second stage, two villages will be selected randomly from each selected ward and at the third stage, 20 rice farmers from each selected village will be randomly selected to give 80 farmers per Local Government Area and a total of 240 farmers from the zone. To allow for pre-testing and errors, 300 questionnaires will be printed. The sampling frame will focus on adult rice farmers who live in the communities and have been farming for over 25 years based on the assumption that these respondents will have adequate experiential knowledge about the subject matter. Primary data on the understanding of farmers about climate change, its effect on paddy farming, low carbon practices used and the challenges associated with the use of these practices will be collected by administering structured questionnaires to respondents in the study area. Statistical Analysis All data collected will be analyzed, using computer based Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) and STATA. A multiple linear regression will be used to link socioeconomic factors with factors that influence land use. REFERENCES CAST, 1992. Preparing U.S. Agriculture for Global Climate Change. Task Force Report No. 119. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, IA. Facts and Figures about Niger State, Assessed from http://www.nigerstate.gov.ng/epubl/Facts%20and%20Figures%20about%20Niger%20State1.pdf Kartik V. and Nanjappa A. Phytocapping: An Innovative Technique to Reduce Methane Emission from Landfills. Assessed from methaneflux paper (Environmental Research Journal).pdf Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 1996. Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change. The Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, New York. Impact of Trade on Domestic Rice Production and the challenge of Self-sufficiency in Nigeria Assessed from www.warda.cgiar.org//RicePolicy/Chuma.E/Chuma.E.Nigeria.Pres.ppt. Olayemi, J.K 1997. The Nigerian Rice Industry: Performance, Problems and Prospects. A research report prepared for Food and Agricuktural Organisation, FAO; December 1997. UNCCS (United Nations Climate Change Secretariat), Emissions Summary for Nigeria, http://unfccc.int/files/ghg_data/ghg_data_unfccc/ghg_profiles/application/pdf/nga_ghg_profile.pdf WEBSITES USED www.ricenigeria.com EXPECTED RESULTS AND THE RELEVANCE OF MY PROJECT TO CLIMATE CHANGE The distinctiveness of this study is that it seeks to incorporate the experiences of rural farmers in understanding the challenges associated with adopting Low carbon initiatives at local scales. This project aims at: Describing the local perception of climatic vagaries in their environment Characterizing the prevalent land use patterns in recent times. Characterizing the various local conservation practices used by rice farmers for resource conservation. Describing the effects and constraints of adopting resource protection practices. The study would reveal the changes in land cover as mediated by increase in productivity over the past thirty years in the study area and the associated methane emissions. This would be helpful in the design sustainable resource conservation measures for climate protection. As well, the study will reveal the awareness level of the respondents’ on some facts about climate change and variability, its toll on rice farming and various measures used to adapt to these changes. Since considerable attention has not been given to measuring results from adaptation and mitigation activities, results from this study hopes to be a working tool for the Nigerian government in the development of a simple Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) plan that is more readily useable by farmers through capacity building and technology development or transfer. This study will also provide insight into local resource conservation strategies that can be improved upon for sustainable resource management. The dataset will therefore become a working tool for the government, legislators, private sector, civil society and other stakeholders for appropriate understanding on the trends of greenhouse gas emission from paddies in Bida zone for necessary policy formulation on strategies to reduce the emissions in order to improve ecological system conservation and mitigate global warming. Please explain how you intend to communicate the project results during and after the sponsorship period and which target groups you particularly want to address. (2,000 characters max. The ultimate foci of this study is to raise public awareness on the amount of greenhouse gases released from paddies, it also intends to assess the low carbon strategies used by farmers and the challenges associated with using them. The major target groups are the locals and government officials. Although, the communities have limited expertise at some stages of the study, I intend to work in partnership with them for their ability to suggest strategies that would facilitate data collection and ensure that the data collected are representative of the community during the study. This will be done by clearly explaining the purpose of the study to the community head, since he has a very good knowledge of the community and can help ensure that all factors required for the study is provided. The proximity of the National Cereal Research Institute (NCRI) will be of great assistance during the study and dissemination of results. They will be helpful in providing previous research results and some experimental techniques that will be invaluable in the design of the survey. Usually, conveying research results requires wisdom to avoid rejection. Before communicating the research results to the entire community, results will discussed with the study team from NCRI and the community representatives. Also, since the FADAMA intervention programmes that serve as an intermediary between the government and the communities are common around the study area, assistance will be sought from the FADAMA facilitators during the study and when communicating the research results to the government to enhance acceptance for policy formulation. Timeline of the project, including milestones TIME FRAME (MONTHS) ACTIVITY 1-2 Arrival in Germany, Intensive German language course 3 Reconnaissance survey, acquisition of project materials and pretesting of questionnaire 4-6 Questionnaire administration and analysis. 7-10 Image acquisition, geospatial analysis and ground truthing 11-12 Preliminary write-up and corrections 13-14 Presentations and submission This study is expected to cover a one calendar year period, although this proposed duration is subject to modifications from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

Essay --

Genetically altered Importation and Exportations of Food Most of America’s food is processed or genetically engineered. Since the dawn of agriculture, biochemists study our food. Our food is gets new additives every day; however, it is difficult to keep food good without certain chemicals and additives. The debate about processed foods or genetically engineered food increases due to the genetically modified food organizations in Europe. The European Union continues to ban more and more food subjugated to the genetically modified (GMO) category. The US concludes that banning GMOs is not necessary. Europeans believe that it is their right to know what they eat; however, Americans should have the same right as well. Americans should have the right to know what additives are it their food. Genetically modified food should be labeled genetically modified or GMO. â€Å"Seventy percent of US foods are processed† (A-1). In addition, are chemical ingested. This process genetically engineered to make them stay fresh during the import or export process. Our food in the US processed in many ways. For example, farmers spray wheat with pesticides so that insects and unwanted animals will not contaminate them. â€Å"In most of the food items that we have come to know as processed foods, foods such as cookies, crackers, cereal, and yogurt are all crammed with chemicals that’ll let it sit on a shelf for a good long time† (A-2). Chemicals used to keep food fresh and stay fresh for longer period than what the expiration date says. Foods like cereal can be placed on a shelf at home and easily stay fresh a lot longer than what the expiration date says. People wonder if their product is safe. If a product is able to stay fresh in abnormal places, it most likel... ... concerned bout having enough food for the mass majority of the American population the US concludes that banning GMOs is not necessary. Europeans believe that it is their right to know what they eat; however, Americans should have the same right as well. Americans should have the right to know what additives are it their food. Genetically modified food should be labeled genetically modified or GMO in order to sease all debates with the American and European union. Not only is it the European union there are small organision debates that benach out all over the world. Ameircan food organisastions argue because they demand to know what is in there food. If the American union would agree to label all food items that are GMO, â€Å"GMO† the European union as well as America could save a ton of money annually because they wouldn’t have to spend it importation food testing.

The Odyssey: Book 5/6 Summary & Analysis

Chapter 5 All the gods except Poseidon gather again on Mount Olympus to discuss Odysseus’s fate. Athena’s speech in support of the hero prevails on Zeus to intervene. Hermes, messenger of the gods, is sent to Calypso’s island to tell her that Odysseus must at last be allowed to leave so he can return home. In reply, Calypso delivers an impassioned indictment of the male gods and their double standards. She complains that they are allowed to take mortal lovers while the affairs of the female gods must always be frustrated. In the end, she submits to the supreme will of Zeus.By now, Odysseus alone remains of the contingent that he led at Troy; his crew and the other boats in his force were all destroyed during his journeys. Calypso helps him build a new boat and stocks it with provisions from her island. With sadness, she watches as the object of her love sails away. After eighteen days at sea, Odysseus spots Scheria, the island of the Phaeacians, his next destinat ion appointed by the gods. Just then, Poseidon, returning from a trip to the land of the Ethiopians, spots him and realizes what the other gods have done in his absence.Poseidon stirs up a storm, which nearly drags Odysseus under the sea, but the goddess Ino comes to his rescue. She gives him a veil that keeps him safe after his ship is wrecked. Athena too comes to his rescue as he is tossed back and forth, now out to the deep sea, now against the jagged rocks of the coast. Finally, a river up the coast of the island answers Odysseus’s prayers and allows him to swim into its waters. He throws his protective veil back into the water as Ino had commanded him to do and walks inland to rest in the safe cover of a forest.Calypo complains to the gods that the male gods always get to have relationships with mortal females whereas the goddesses Summary: Book 6 That night, Athena appears in a dream to the Phaeacian princess Nausicaa, disguised as her friend. She encourages the young p rincess to go to the river the next day to wash her clothes so that she will appear more fetching to the many men courting her. The next morning, Nausicaa goes to the river, and while she and her handmaidens are naked, playing ball as their clothes dry on the ground, Odysseus wakes in the forest and encounters them.Naked himself, he humbly yet winningly pleads for their assistance, never revealing his identity. Nausicaa leaves him alone to wash the dirt and brine from his body, and Athena makes him look especially handsome, so that when Nausicaa sees him again she begins to fall in love with him. Afraid of causing a scene if she walks into the city with a strange man at her side, Nausicaa gives Odysseus directions to the palace and advice on how to approach Arete, queen of the Phaeacians, when he meets her. With a prayer to Athena for hospitality from the Phaeacians, Odysseus sets out for the palace.Analysis: Books 5–6 Our first encounter with Odysseus confirms what we have a lready learned about him from Menelaus’s and Helen’s accounts of his feats during the Trojan War and what Homer’s audience would already have known: that Odysseus is very cunning and deliberative. The poet takes pains to show him weighing every decision: whether to try landing against the rocky coast of Scheria; whether to rest by the river or in the shelter of the woods; and whether to embrace Nausicaa’s knees (the customary gesture of supplication) or address her from afar.The shrewd and measured approach that these instances demonstrate balances Odysseus’s warrior mentality. Though aggressive and determined, he is far from rash. Instead, he is shrewd, cautious, and extremely self-confident. At one point, he even ignores the goddess Ino’s advice to abandon ship, trusting in his seafaring abilities and declaring, â€Å"[I]t’s what seems best to me† (5. 397). In each case, he makes a decision and converts thought to action with speed and poise. In his encounter with Nausicaa, a telling example of his skill in interacting with people and charisma, his subdued approach comes off as â€Å"endearing, sly and suave† (6. 162).

But These Things Also Essay

‘But these things also’ brings â€Å"to the centre of attention what has previously overlooked†, as Judy Kendall writes. Thomas explores his fascination with the unimportant in this poem and looks at the connection and merging together of Spring and Winter. Much like his other poetry, here, Thomas struggles to put his finger on precisely what he means. This is shown by his inability to separate and distinguish between the two seasons. The poem begins with the first two lines focussing on Spring, however, by following this with two lines focussing on Winter, Thomas explodes our first expectations of usual ‘spring poetry’ of bright and beautiful images. Instead, he catches the limbo between the two seasons and we are presented with the idea of the grass being ‘long dead’ and ‘greyer now’. This pessimistic tone is not what one usually connotes with springtime, but with the cold and bleak winter. By putting the images of the two seasons so close together in this stanza, Thomas reinforces his presentation of their connection. The last line of the stanza, ‘than all the winter it was’, changes the natural syntax of the words. The stress focuses of ‘it was’, emphasising what has past, which creates a sense of longing, introducing the idea that, like in ‘March’, Thomas is desperate to find ‘the key’ the last two lines of the first stanza finish with the words ‘now and ‘was’, bringing together images of the movement of time and emphasising the gap between the present and the past and importantly, Thomas’s focus on that gap. The second stanza uses inscape to look at things, which are seemingly unimportant. These things show the remains of winter, therefore connecting the seasons further. Once again, Thomas alters the syntax of the words to create a more beautified image.’ The word ‘bleached’ would usually have a much more negative connotation of fading and perhaps even the loss of hope, however By placing the word at the end of the first line and after the word ‘little’ he takes away the harshness of the sound and makes it more delicate and gentle. As well as this, Tomas’s use of enjambment stresses the soft ‘L’ sounds in ‘the shell of the little snail’, which further emphasises the smoothness of the words. Following this, the sexural pause halfway along the  second line, highlights the plosive sounds on the image of the ‘chip of flint’. This draws our attention to the minute details, which Thomas considers and accentuates the signs that spring is not quite here yet. By observing nature in this much detail, we see how valuable Thomas considers it to be, it creates a sense that although these things are small and often overlooked, they are significant. The final image in this stanza is of the ‘purest white’ bird dung. At first it appears odd to be beautifying such a thing as bird dung, but by following it with the words ‘purest white’, Thomas introduces an idea of innocence and positivity, as well as a contrast with the previous image of something ‘greyer now’. This brief glimmer of hope however, is shattered in the next stanza. In stanza three, the image of ‘white’ no longer has positive connotations, but it feels as if Thomas could be referring to the relationship between the colour white and death. This instantly darkens the tone and the notion of mistaking bird dung for violets presents the idea that Thomas is truly desperate for any indication of spring’s arrival. The following violent images of ‘winter’s ruins’ and ‘winter’s debts’ create an oppressive feeling which moves further from the previous idea of hope. Continuing the pattern of Thomas’s other poetry, the word ‘something’ appears ambiguous and vague, creating a sense that Thomas still isn’t quite clear on what it is we are paying ‘winter’s debts’ with. The final stanza of ‘But these things also’ begins to fill us with hope once more. The ‘chattering’ birds create a sense of rising morale and the idea of keeping their ‘spirits up’ sounds optimistic. Despite this, when we eventually think that Thomas is going to make a definitive statement, ‘spring’s here’ he reintroduces the feeling of ambiguity with the words ‘winter’s not gone’. This leaves the poem with a sense of not knowing and uncertainty. This reminds us of Thomas’s tendency to never give absolutes and that he likes balancing a positive idea with a negative. This paradox leaves us with the idea that the winter is preventing the spring from arriving. Throughout the poem, there is a regular rhythm, given by the Iambic  Tetrameter, which is occasionally shortened to show the indecisive and unclear seasons. There is never a climax during this poem due to it all being one long sentence. Robert’s talks about Thomas’s use of enjambment and fluidity, which gives a sense of him thinking and working through his thoughts.

The recovery process †Evaluating the impact of fiscal and monetary tools used to reheat the markets The WritePass Journal

The recovery process – Evaluating the impact of fiscal and monetary tools used to reheat the markets Introduction The recovery process – Evaluating the impact of fiscal and monetary tools used to reheat the markets Introduction1.   Government responses and interventions in the financial crisis(1)   Lending to financial institutions(2) Providing liquidity directly to key credit markets(3) Purchasing long-term securities2. Impacts of government actions to the markets1.   New trends on Financial landscape and changes in institution’s behavior towards riskReferencesRelated Introduction 1.   Government responses and interventions in the financial crisis According to the causes and effects discussed in the above parts, the global financial crisis can be divided into two main phases. The first phase was from August 2007 to August 2008, stemmed from losses in a small segment in the financial system , i.e. the subprime mortgages market. The second phase was in the mid-September 2008, in which the disruption developed far more rigorously. Rapidly, the moderate financial recession had transformed into a significantly disruptive global crisis in a short period of time. In order to stabilize and boost the weaken economy,   policymakers have acted aggressively to deal with the heterogeneous causes of the crisis ( A. Russo, J. Katze, 2010) since its emergence in 2007. Even though there are many opposers to government’s reaction (Moore, Baker, Taylor ), it is also approved by a significant number of economists and authorities ( IMF, McCain, Blinder, Zandi ) that the legislative and regulatory response prevented a far worst outcome , t hat is the second Great Depression. From August 2007, central banks began to lower interest rates ( Fed, timelines of policy responses ) to spur economies and make it more profitable for banks to loan. Interest rates then were discounted during diverse stages of the crisis. Following that cutting, incentives were created for US taxpayers, i.e tax rebates. Homeowners also received government’s assistance by refinancing their mortgages. Regarding individual institutions, governments did offer them bailouts ( Davidoff, Zaring, 2009). In September and October, 2008, central banks did implement a comprehensive, global action to recapitalize banks. For instance, on 30th September, French government and state-owned banks offered 3 billion euro to Dexia recapitalization; and on 13th October, Germany 70 billion euro recapitalization fund was pledged (the Fed, International timeline). Hence, central banks have imposed a great number of additional policy tools as the need arose. In gene ral, these responses can be divided into three main sets as follows. (1)   Lending to financial institutions During the crisis, the Federal Reserve has applied numerical actions to insure financial institutions have adequate liquidity for short-term credit activities. These actions include issuing new facilities for auctioning credit as well as banks and dealers to borrow at the Federal Reserve’s discount window. For instance, the Fed’s timelines of policy responses to the global financial crisis reports that since August 2007, the difference between federal fund target rates and the discount rates have been reduced from 100 basis points to 25 basis points. Similarly, many related terms were altered for the favor of financial institutions including Term Auction Facility ( TAF, Fed’s timeline, 12/12/2007), in which depository institutions can borrow funds at the rate below discount rates with term up to three months ; Term Securities Lending Facility ( TSLF, Fed’s timeline, 11/3/2008) together with Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF, Fed’s timeline, 16/3 /2008) . Moreover, as the financial crisis affected severely to the global economy, the need of providing liquidity into other countries’ economies arose. The Fed had entered into swap agreements with 14 foreign central banks. In this kind of agreement, these international banks are allowed to borrow dollars from the Fed to lend others bank which under their administration. (2) Providing liquidity directly to key credit markets Credit risk is known as one of the significantly contributing factor to the global crisis. On condition that anxiety of asset quality and creditworthy, financial institutions still constrained their loan provision after an abundant liquidity was put into the market. So as to solve and improve these problems, the Fed intervened by providing liquidity directly to demanders in key credit markets. These tools conclude Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF) , which offers the Fed the high quality commercial paper with an expiration period of 90 days ( Carlson, Wakerfiled, 2009). (3) Purchasing long-term securities The last policy toolkit of central bank involved buying long-term securities in private credit markets. In an article by Benanke (2008) , $100 billion in government sponsored enterprise (GSE) debt together with more than $500 billion GSE mortgaged-backed securities were bought by the Federal Reserve. These actions put an effect of reducing the mortgage rate substantially. 2. Impacts of government actions to the markets Other than the fundamental cause, that is leverage, there are plenty of contributing factors led to the worst economic recession since the 1930s. Of which, complicit governments ( central banks, regulators and legislatures) also bear a share of the responsibility( A. Russo, J. Katze, 2010). For instance, in the case of   Citigroup and AIG, the US policymakers did not alter the existing law so as to bail out rapidly, and also offered the discount window to Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs that allowed them to convert into bank holding companies. However, in an article of Blinder and Zandi ( 2010), it is indicated that the economic recovery has made certain progress. As show below in the figure 5, by September 2010,the Fed and government has brought back the mild stabilization to the financial market. Exhibit 5: Source: Blinder, Alan S. and Zandi, Mark , How the Great Recession Was Brought to an End, July 27, 2010 Although the growth of economic recovery has still been in sluggish pace and uneven, authorities including IMF, former Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Alan Blinder, and current Moody’s Analytics Chief Economist Mark Zandi , have concluded that with the absence of the monetary and fiscal measures implemented by the Federal Reserve as well as the Bush and Obama Administrations, it would have been much more worse. As the IMF observed â€Å"†¦ thanks to a powerful and effective policy response, the United State recovery from the Great Recession has become increasingly well established. Since mid-2009, massive macroeconomic stimulus and the turn in the inventory cycle have overcome prevailing balance sheet strains, and- aided by steadily improving financial conditions- autonomous private demand has also started to gain ground.† Likewise, the opinion of Blinder and Zandi is that the â€Å"†¦effects of the government’s total policy response†¦on real GDP, j obs, and inflation are huge, and probably averted what could have been called Great Depression 2.0.† On the basis of these analysis, Blinder and Zandi â€Å"†¦estimate that, without the government’s response, GDP in 2010 would be about 11.5% lower, payroll employment would be less by 81/2 million jobs, and the nation would now be experiencing deflation†. Albeit the combination efforts taken by government and the Fed have positive effects to some extent to the economic recovery, recent analysis shows that the stimulus attempts are small and insufficient to reduce the unemployment rates and restore market confidence effectively. Hence, even though the housing market has recently attained some good news, there has been a rise in unemployment and â€Å"underemployment† rates of 9.6% and 16.7%, respectively ( A. Russo, J. Katze, 2010). Recent economists indicated that, the government’s responses to the brutal financial disaster led to dramatic increases in public sector spending. Thus, the 2008 crisis was initially in the private sector has been increasing to sovereign debt. So, new challenges have been contributed to the existing burden of many policymakers. Part E 1.   New trends on Financial landscape and changes in institution’s behavior towards risk The global financial recession has been triggered by complex causes. One of its fundamental contributing factor, i.e. leverage, initially existed in the private sector. However, recent observers has drawn attention to the fact that the 2008 crisis has potentially probabilities to transform into government sector (Harper, Chritine,2010) , i.e. sovereign debt. In reality, there have been several countries experiencing this trend including Greek, Portugal, Spain, Ireland, etc. It is the view of professors Reinhart and Rogoff   ( A. Russo, J. Katzel, P46, 2010)that the evolution from banking crisis to sovereign debt is inevitable to some extent. The reason is because in order to save a destructive financial system, government must intervene first by supporting vulnerable financial institutions, and following that is (1) enhancing private consumption through tax rebates or reductions in discount rates ;or (2) government stimulus measures. All these policy toolkits can involve considerab le increases in government spending, affecting the asset side of the government’s balance sheet. Thus, it leads to the sovereign debt. The main point that triggered the credit crunch in 2008 is the low interest rate and loose supervision. To code with that, IMF has announced the new version of global banking capital requirement for BASEL III which is highly demanded of the capital rate for banks. However, this is not the solution to fix out the problem. Obviously, the problem turns to be lack of supervision of the operational of Hedge Funds, not the banking sector. The flood of newly invented financial derivative forms the killer of this crisis. In order to keep these out of balance sheet, Hedge fund tend to use SIVs as a usual tool. Therefore, a strong demanding regulate should be focused on the Derivatives Market. We might establish a committee to supervise the new investment vehicle published, and call for standard trade contract could be allowance. In the contrast, part of risky private tailored structure product should be abandon. At the same time, we shall contend that the financial reporting standard for the Hedge Funds field should be changed, information they provide must be more transparent. What`s more, the submitting of the credit analysis   of CDOs contrast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References 1. International Monetary Fund, â€Å"United States of America Concluding Statement of the 2010, Article IV Mission†, June 21th, 2010 2. Blinder, Alan S. and Zandi, Mark , â€Å"How the Great Recession Was Brought To An End†, July 27th, 2010 3. Thomas A. Russo, Aaron J. Katze, â€Å"The 2008 Financial Crisis and Its Aftermath: Addressing the Next Challenge†, 2010. ( P32-P52) 4. Federal Reserve Bank, Timelines of Policy Responses to the Global Financial Crisis, newyorkfed.org/research/global-economy/policyresponses.html 5. John B. Taylor, â€Å"The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses: An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong â€Å", November 2008. 6. John Carlson, Sarah Wakefield, â€Å" The Impact of Credit Easing So Far†, 2009. 7. Bernanke,   Ben S. (2008).   Federal Reserve Policies in the Financial Crisis, speech at the Greater Austin Chamber of Commerce, Austin, Texas, December 1. 8. Walter B Moore, Cherie A Baker, â€Å"The 2008 Financial crisis: FAS 157 and FAS 59- Did They Reflect Realty?†,   Journal of Finance and Accountancy. 9, Harper, Christine, â€Å"Crash of 2015 Won’t Wait for Regulators to Rein In Wall Street†, Bloomberg.com, August 9, 2010.